Converting diesel fuel from liters to tons

Fuel Specific Gravity

Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight [P] of any substance in question to its volume [V], namely weight, and not mass, as many people think. However, there is no particular difference for us here; these are only distinguishable concepts from a scientific point of view and cannot be confused in any way. It has become so common in everyday life that weight is mass.

The specific gravity of a substance [y] can also be expressed through its density [p]: y=p*g

where g is the acceleration of gravity at a specific point in space, it is usually considered equal to 9.81 m/s*s.

The unit of measurement for hydrocarbons is 1 N/m3 (Newton divided by cubic meter).

density | fuels and lubricants

1. OIL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS. PROPERTIES, CHARACTERISTICS. READ

2. Measurement error

3. GOST 3900 85 Oil and petroleum products. Methods for determining density

4. Accounting for the mass of petroleum products. Educational presentation.

The density of petroleum products is determined by the formula:

where m is the mass of the body, V is its volume

Simply put, how many kilograms are in a liter? For example, density (specific gravity) is 0.850, which means the weight of 1 liter = 850 grams. The density of a petroleum product can be measured with a hydrometer or densimeter, which works according to Archimedes' law. The hydrometer (densimeter) is immersed in the oil product (like a float) to a depth equal to the density value. At the same time, the hydrometer also measures the temperature of the liquid; the densimeter does not measure the temperature.

When an oil product is heated, its density decreases; when cooled, it increases. gsmhelp.anz.ru

Density Latency

Fuel density

The density of a fuel is the amount of its mass in kilograms that fits in one cubic meter. This value is not constant and depends on the temperature of the diesel fuel, which has a bad effect on the operation of the car engine if the diesel fuel is of poor quality in terms of density. The higher the temperature of the liquid, the lower its density and vice versa. It is also a known fact that the higher the density of automobile fuel, the heavier its fractional composition. This leads to the fact that the processes of atomization and evaporation of gasoline or diesel fuel are significantly worsened, therefore, various types of deposits occur more intensively in the combustion chambers of the engine and in the fuel system, which over time increasingly complicates the movement of fuel through the system. This also contributes to the formation of carbon deposits on the engine valves.

Density Tables

How many liters of diesel fuel are in 1 ton?
how to calculate correctly? The density of a substance is one of the most important physical indicators of an object. It is equal to the ratio of volume to its mass, expressed in kilograms. This characteristic depends on temperature. The higher the temperature, the lower the indicator, and vice versa.

This process is directly related to the phenomenon of thermal expansion. That is, with stable body weight, the volume of the substance increases. There is no need to determine this physical criterion yourself. To do this, just use the density tables.

For example, following them, you can determine that the fuel has the following indicators:

AI-76 - 715 kg/cu.m. meter;

Fractional composition of gasoline

All these indicators can only be determined in a laboratory setting. Therefore, it is not possible for consumers to determine the quality of fuel by analyzing the chemical composition.

However, the fluctuations are insignificant. Therefore, standard tables are quite suitable. It is better if the density tables at the enterprise are approved by internal order, and they are the ones that will be used for permanent work. The fact is that in different sources on the Internet, the indicators vary insignificantly.

Specific gravity of diesel fuel

The density of the fuel and, therefore, its specific gravity is measured with a special device called a hydrometer.

According to the current GOST, the following values ​​are accepted for the specific gravity of diesel fuel (for diesel fuel temperature +20C):

the specific gravity of summer diesel fuel must be within 8440 N/m3; the specific gravity of winter diesel fuel is 8240 N/m3

or in density:

Density of summer diesel fuel – 860 kg/m3 Density of winter diesel fuel – 840 kg/m3 Density of Arctic diesel fuel – 830 kg/m3

In practice, if we take into account only high-quality diesel fuel, it turns out that when the temperature of diesel fuel changes by one degree Celsius, its density changes by 0.00075. This coefficient can be used to recalculate the density of diesel fuel under different temperature conditions. But it is worth remembering that at most gas stations the quality of the product leaves much to be desired, and no one knows what impurities are present in it. While the density of pure fuel can be recalculated using this coefficient, the density of impurities in it is not always true.

Density of different types of diesel fuel

All diesel fuel is divided into different types and is not standard. There are at least three types: summer, winter, arctic fuel. The density is different, and in order to calculate how many liters of diesel fuel are in 1 ton, we need to know this value.

So, summer diesel fuel has a density of 860 kg/m3. This diesel fuel is distinguished by its operating temperature range. At 10 degrees above zero, this fuel may begin to solidify. The temperature at which a flash is possible is 45 degrees above zero. It is usually sold in hot countries.

Winter diesel fuel has a density of 840 kg/m3. It does not harden at temperatures not lower than -35 degrees. Therefore, this fuel is effective in winter. Ignition is possible at 40 degrees Celsius.

There is also Arctic diesel fuel, which is rarely found at gas stations in the city. Its density is 830 kg/m3. It can ignite at 35 degrees Celsius.

If this product is sold in large volumes, the calculation is made in tons, not in liters. This is because liquid can contract or expand at low and high temperatures, respectively. Consequently, the volume will increase or decrease, but the mass will remain constant. Of course, you can buy it in liters, but then there may be a high error for better or worse for the buyer or seller.

Conversion of fuel from tons to liters and back of diesel, gasoline and kerosene

Fuel of all brands is supplied by wholesale companies in tons. It is sold retail in liters, so the issues of converting weight to volume and vice versa are relevant, mainly for accountants of enterprises working in this business, and tax services overseeing the correct calculation of taxes on sales volumes. An ordinary buyer of fuel for his car is rarely interested in these subtleties, since he pays for liters both in summer and winter.

Conversion formulas

The volume and mass of a liquid are related by the formula: M = V ρ,
where M is the mass of the liquid in tons, V is its volume in m³, ρ is the density in t/m³.

In real practice, managers prefer to deal with tons (fuel purchases) and liters (sales). If the above formula is expressed in terms of these quantities, it will look like this:

• where ρ is the density of the liquid in kg/l (numerical value),

V – volume of liquid in liters;

M – mass of liquid in tons.

To find out, for example, how much 1000 liters of diesel fuel with a density of 0.83 kg/l weigh, we substitute the values ​​in the formula to obtain the mass in tons:

M = 1000 · 0.83 / 1000 = 0.83 t.

The reverse conversion (from tons to liters) is carried out using the formula V = M · 1000/ρ (weight in tons, density in kg/l, volume in liters).

Fuel (diesel, gasoline, and kerosene) physically do not have a constant density - it depends on the temperature of the liquid, decreases with increasing temperature, and increases with its fall.

That is why the conversion of the available mass of fuel into volume for each value of the liquid temperature will give different values. A change in temperature, as well as the possible evaporation of part of the liquid, will change both the mass and, accordingly, the density of the substance. If we neglect evaporation, then the main action when converting mass into volume and vice versa becomes the establishment of the density of the liquid.

Conversion of diesel fuel

In the practice of selling diesel fuel, various density values ​​appear, used in different climatic zones as normative ones to simplify trade. GOST No. 305-82 sets density values ​​at 20º C for three types of diesel fuel - summer (L), winter (W) and arctic (A):

The Ministry of Industry and Energy has established an average density value for diesel fuel for calculations. It is 0.769 kg/liter. In turn, Rostechnadzor uses 0.84 kg/l as the average density of diesel fuel.

How do you know which number to put into the formula?

The Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation, referring to the order of the Ministry of Energy, believes that the density of the fuel should be determined upon receipt of the fuel batch by measuring it with an oil densimeter - a special measuring device such as a hydrometer.

If the device is not available, then use the average density values ​​of diesel fuel, which can be obtained from the local branch of Rostekhnadzor.

Gasoline conversion

The density of gasoline varies in the range of 0.70 kg/l - 0.78 kg/l.

When recalculating, the above formula is used, into which, in the absence of instrumental measurement of fuel density, the average value ρ is substituted:

Conversion of kerosene

The density of kerosene varies, depending on the brand, in the range: 0.775 kg/l - 0.85 kg/l. Examples:

• lighting kerosene brand KO-30: density 0.790 kg/l;

lighting kerosene brand KO-20: density 0.83 kg/l;

Hydrogenated aviation kerosene for supersonic aircraft: density 840 kg/l. Etc.

Conversion of kerosene from liters to tons is carried out using the method described above after determining or establishing the density value.

Calculator for converting gasoline from liters to tons

To make it easier to transfer fuel, a special calculator is used. Thanks to it, you can convert liters of any gasoline into tons and calculate the cost per unit. The calculator program can calculate the result if you enter data on the type of fuel and its quantity. Indicators are entered manually or by selecting existing data.

What is it for

The need to recalculate fuel arises among large enterprises and retail chains. The supply of large volumes of fuel is easier if its volume is indicated by tonnage. But for warehouse operations, write-off of fuel when used in transport, and other accounting calculations, an indicator in liters is required.

To prevent mistakes that could cause losses, it is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of mass and volume. A ton is the weight of fuel, i.e. its mass, which is equal to 1000 kg. And displacement is the volume of fuel mass. And due to the density of gasoline, the volume relative to the mass cannot be equivalent.

Odds

It is quite difficult to explain visually the process of the relationship between weight and displacement. But knowing the appropriate fuel units and coefficient, the conversion of gasoline is quite simple. The coefficients are determined in the laboratory; independent calculation is not possible. Therefore, ready-made data for each type of fuel is used for calculations:

Conversion formula

To convert fuel from one indicator to another, you need to turn to physics, where to determine the density (p) you need to know the volume (v) and mass (m). From the reverse, you can get a formula for calculating volume from mass:

v = m / r

Conversely, obtaining tonnage from displacement is carried out according to the formula:

m = v X p

Obtaining data when transferring fuel is not limited to regular formulas. The reason for this is the difference in the measurement system, because weight is expressed in kilograms, and volume in cubic meters. Therefore, it is necessary to determine how many cubic meters make up 1 liter.

1000 l. = 1 m3, which means 1 liter. = 0.001 m3

When the conversion formula and the applied coefficients of different types of fuel are known, a mathematical procedure is performed that allows you to convert gasoline into tons. For example, it is necessary to obtain the mass of 1 liter of AI-98 gasoline. To do this, the calculation is performed as follows:

1 x 0.001x 776.0 = 0.776

Using a simple, understandable formula, the fuel indicator, taking into account the density, can be converted into any unit of measurement.

Effect of temperature on mass calculation

There is another important indicator that directly depends on the result of fuel conversion calculations. This indicator is the temperature from which the density of the fuel changes. It is known that as the temperature increases, the density decreases, and as the temperature decreases, it increases.

Therefore, calculation using the formula without taking into account the temperature conditions of gasoline storage will be erroneous. GOSTs do not contain density indicators regarding fuel types and temperature fluctuations, but there is a method for calculating it. Thus, the density for a particular fuel has a range depending on its temperature.

Calculating density on your own does not make sense. There are reference books and tables that indicate extreme indicators regarding the temperature regime of all types of fuels and lubricants. It is enough to know the temperature and volume to convert liters of fuel into tons.

How many tons and liters in a cube of diesel fuel

Volume cubic meter. This volume (regardless of the temperature) will always contain 1000 (one thousand) liters or cubic decimeters. But the mass of diesel fuel varies greatly with temperature. They make money on this at gas stations, and especially the Donkermans on tankers. On a successful voyage on a tanker of 7,000 tons, you can float up to 25 tons of diesel fuel to the left)))) )

As the temperature rises, the volume of petroleum products increases and is determined by the formula V 2 = V1 (1 + ∆tβ),

where V2 is the volume of petroleum product with a temperature increase of 1 °C; V1 – initial volume of oil product; ∆t – temperature difference; β is the coefficient of volumetric expansion of the petroleum product (Table 2). 2 Volumetric expansion coefficients of petroleum products depending on density at +20 °C per 1 °C

Density, Density, g/cm3 β g/cm3 β

0,700 …0,710 0,00127 0,800 …0,810 0,00095 0,710 …0,720 0,00123 0,800 …0,810 0,00092 0,720 …0,730 0,00120 0,800 …0,810 0,00089 0,730 …0,740 0,00116 0,800 …0,810 0,00087 0,740 …0,750 0,00113 0,800 …0,810 0,00084 0,750 …0,760 0,00110 0,800 …0,810 0,00082 0,760 …0,770 0,00107 0,800 …0,810 0,00079 0,770 …0,780 0,00104 0,800 …0,810 0,00077 0,790 …0,80 0,00098 0,800 …0,810 0,00072

One cube contains 1000 liters or approximately 850 kg (the latter is highly dependent on temperature)

1000 liters of liquid are placed in one cubic meter, the density of diesel fuel is no more than 860 kg/m³, from here we can conclude that the mass of the fuel will be 860 kg….

= * = 0.85*1000 = 850kg=0.85t (approximately) Cube of liquid = Thousand liters of liquid (volume = volume)

R.S. This is the same as about milk: 1 liter of milk is larger in volume than 1 kg of milk, and 1 liter of sunflower oil weighs less than 1 kg.

Specific gravity of summer diesel fuel

The specific gravity of summer diesel fuel directly depends on its temperature. The state standard is set within 8440 N/m3.

Specific gravity of winter diesel fuel

The specific gravity of winter fuel depends on its temperature. The state standard is set within 8240 N/m3.

Formula for determining the weight of diesel engines

The weight of the fuel is determined by multiplying the density of the petroleum product by its volume. 1850 liters of diesel fuel with a density of 0.840 kg/m3 will weigh 1554 kg. 1000 liters of diesel fuel with a density of 0.860 kg/m3 will weigh 860 kg.

Formula for determining the volume of diesel fuel

A pressing question for transportation, sales and accounting is: how to convert the weight of fuel into volume?

To find out the volume of diesel fuel, you need to divide its mass by its density. If there is 1 ton of diesel fuel, and its density is 0.840 kg/m3, the volume will be 1,190 liters 476 grams.

Formula for determining density of diesel fuel

The density of diesel fuel is the ratio of the mass of the petroleum product to its volume. If there are 860 kg of diesel fuel with a volume of 1000 liters, then the density will be 0.860 kg/m3.

The density of diesel fuel is regulated by GOST 305-82. The standard fixes the value at 20 degrees Celsius. The density of diesel fuel, depending on its seasonal type, is established by state standards as follows:

summer - 840 kg/m3;

To determine the density of diesel fuel using another method you need:

• In the passport data of the petroleum product, find the density of the petroleum product at 20 degrees Celsius.

Measure the actual temperature of diesel fuel in the container for transportation or storage.

We multiply the temperature difference by a factor of 0.0007.

Let's make an amendment. If the temperature is higher, we subtract the value from the passport density; if it is lower, we add it.

How much does 1 liter of diesel fuel weigh (in kg)?

How much does 1 liter of diesel fuel weigh (in kg)?

• The weight of diesel fuel may vary slightly depending on the specific type. So in general we can say that one liter of diesel fuel will weigh from 0.83 to 0.86 kilograms. Namely, summer diesel fuel will weigh just 0.86 kilograms, and winter diesel fuel will weigh 0.84 kilograms, but Arctic diesel fuel will weigh 0.83 kilograms.
• In fact, diesel fuel, like gasoline, does not have a specific composition - it depends on the production technology and the raw materials. Therefore, we can only talk about average values ​​- from 830 to 860 g/l. But bio-diesel has a density of 880 g/l.
• The weight of one liter of diesel fuel (diesel fuel) depends on its type. For example:

  A liter of summer diesel fuel weighs 0.860 kg;

  Winter liter - 0.840 kg;

  And the Arctic one is 0.830 kg.

  Provided that the temperature is +20 degrees Celsius.

• A liter of diesel fuel weighs 850 grams, which is equal to 0.85 kg.
• The weight of one liter of diesel fuel may vary slightly depending on the type of diesel fuel itself:
• So one liter of summer diesel fuel weighs 860 grams;

a liter of winter diesel fuel weighs a little less - 840 grams;

• A liter of Arctic diesel fuel weighs even a little less - 830 grams.

These weights are correct at room temperature (approx. 20C).

How many liters in a ton of diesel fuel

At ​temperature 20º C, the specific gravity of standard diesel. fuel 0.825 kg/l. Therefore, the volume of a ton of diesel fuel is 1212.12 liters at 20ºС.

1160, 1140 liters approximately, depends on the quality of the diesel engine

To find out, you need to know the density of diesel fuel, here is the formula. M=pV, from here we find the removal V= m/p, m - mass, p - density of diesel fuel

1176.5 kg. (conversion factor 0.85)

The normal density of diesel fuel is 0.8, so consider 1000 liters equal to 800 kilograms

Diesel fuel is used to fuel automobiles, military vehicles or railway vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines with compression ignition. The density of diesel fuel, indicated in kilograms per 1 cubic meter. m, is one of the main characteristics of fuel. The parameter can change depending on the degree of heating or cooling of the liquid; measurement is carried out theoretically or using a special hydrometer.

How much does 100 liters of diesel fuel weigh?

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100 liters of diesel fuel weighs 82 kg

For the calculation, we used data on the density of diesel fuel at normal atmospheric pressure (760 mm Hg) and a temperature of 15°C, which is: 820 kg/m³

Physical state of the substance: Liquid

Please note that the weight is calculated based on the volume of the containers and we do not in any way guarantee that they contain the specified volume, however, for approximate measurements in everyday life, the calculated weight is quite applicable.

To determine a more accurate weight, you should use a scale!

Also, keep in mind that some substances can have a destructive effect on the indicated containers and cannot be contained in them in real life.

20000 pcs. 5555.6 pcs. 400 pcs. 100 pieces. 66.7 pcs. 33.3 pcs. 5 pieces.

Diesel fuel calculator

Volume, l = Weight, g

Other meanings

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Standards for calculating the density of diesel fuel

The following regulatory parameters have been adopted in the Russian Federation when calculating the specific gravity of diesel fuel:

• the reference value corresponds to a temperature of 20°C;
• if the temperature deviates by 1°C, the reference parameter is adjusted by 0.0007 g/cm³;
• when heating the liquid, a coefficient multiplied by the difference in degrees Celsius is subtracted from the reference weight;
• When cooling the fuel, a coefficient multiplied by the difference in degrees Celsius is added to the standard specific gravity of diesel fuel.

What determines the density of diesel fuel?

The specific gravity of petroleum products is a variable value, changing under the influence of external temperature factors. The parameter indicates the ratio of liquid mass to volume; when calculating, the type of fuel should be taken into account. The introduction of additional additives changes the basic specific gravity determined at 20°C.

Fuel density and temperature

The standard parameter is determined by heating to 20°C. The normal density of diesel fuel decreases or increases depending on temperature. To adjust the value, a correction factor equal to 0.0007 g/cm³ per 1°C was adopted.

Standards for calculating the density of diesel fuel

Since the density of the fuel changes when the temperature deviates from 20°C, it is necessary to take into account the adjustment of the volume of fuel filled into tanks or barrels. According to the standard, the calculation is carried out taking into account the correction factor and the degree of heating of diesel fuel and the environment. If the controller knows the fuel volume and temperature, then the person can determine the density and compare the value with the parameter taken from the tables.

Density of diesel fuel in summer and winter

The specific density of diesel fuel (measured at 20°C) is regulated by GOST standards R 52368-2005, 32511, R 55475 and 305-82 within the following limits:

• for the winter period - 0.84 t/m³;
• for the summer time interval - 0.86 t/m³;
• for Arctic regions - 0.83 t/m³.

Examples of diesel fuel density at different temperatures

If it is necessary to determine the density of the fuel at a given ambient temperature, then the following actions are performed:

1. Using the tables, you can find the density value (it is recommended to use the unit of measurement g/cm³) corresponding to the oil product under study at a temperature of 20°C.
2. Using a mercury or electronic thermometer, the degree of heating of the fuel poured into a container for storage or transportation is determined.
3. Using arithmetic operations, determine the temperature difference, for example, if the container is heated to 30°C, then the delta will be 30-20 = 10°C.
4. Determine the density deviation taking into account the coefficient 0.0007, in our case 0.0007*10 = 0.007 g/cm³.
5. Calculate the density value taking into account the adjustment. If the fuel is heated above 20°C, then the number 0.007 g/cm³ is subtracted from the passport value. If the fuel is cooled, a correction factor is added to the specific gravity rated value.

All GOST standards for diesel fuel technical characteristics

How many liters of diesel fuel are in 1 ton: how to convert mass into volume It
is quite difficult to understand the current regulatory documentation regarding diesel fuel. Many of them overlap in terms of their scope, so there is often some confusion that needs to be sorted out.

GOST 305-2013

Applies to diesel fuel, which is used to operate high-speed gas turbine or diesel engines that power both marine and ground-based equipment. Fuel in this category is produced by processing gas condensate or oil. The standard specifies the classification of fuel with division

• for summer L, operated at temperatures above -5 ⁰С;
• winter Z - for use in frosts not lower than -25 ⁰С;
• interseasonal E - for temperatures above -15 ⁰С;
• Arctic A - for frosts down to -45 ⁰С.

The composition of the fuel is also regulated. In particular, there is a standard for sulfur content, the content of which should not exceed 2000 mg/kg. In this case, the mass fraction of mercaptan sulfur should not exceed 0.01%.

GOST 1667-68

The standard applies to low- and medium-speed diesel engines. GOST regulates the supply of DT fuel, which is produced from sulfurous oil. In this case, the coking capacity of the fuel should not exceed 4%, and the sulfur content is allowed no more than 2%. The regulations also allow a water content of no more than 2% in fuel transported by river or sea vessel. The pour point of diesel fuel indicated by the manufacturer is valid for 1 month, starting from the date of production. In addition, it is imperative to use additives if motor fuel containing more than 0.5% sulfur is used to operate diesel engines.

GOST 32511-2013

This GOST was developed for EURO diesel fuel in order to regulate the requirements for its characteristics and manufacturing technology. The classification is indicated depending on the level of sulfur content:

• K3 – up to 350 mg/kg;
• K4 – up to 50 mg/kg;
• K5 – up to 10 mg/kg.

In this case, the minimum cetane number is 51, and the index is 46. The density of EURO fuel can vary between 820-845 kg/m3. It is allowed to use additives to improve fuel characteristics, but they should not harm the environment or human health. Metal-containing additives cannot be added to diesel fuel of this category (an exception is made only for antistatic compounds).

GOST 52368-2005

This GOST is focused on EURO class diesel fuel. In particular, depending on the grade, type and class of fuel, OKP codes are established. Regarding the technical characteristics regulating the permissible parameters in diesel fuel, it is worth highlighting:

• coking up to 0.3%,
• ash content up to 0.01,
• total contamination up to 24 mg/kg,
• water content up to 200 mg/kg,
• kinematic viscosity can vary between 2-4.5 mm2/s.

It is important to take into account that such an indicator as coking can be correctly determined only before the introduction of additives designed to improve fuel ignition

GOST R 53605-2009

Designed for fuels used to operate internal combustion engines, as well as fatty acid methyl esters when used at 100% concentration. The latter are actively used as biofuel or a component for the production of other types of fuel. To use it, cars and other units must first be converted to use this type of fuel. In their composition, the mass fraction of ethers can be 96.5% with a liquid density of 860-900 kg/m3. The maximum sulfur content in fuel can be up to 10 mg/kg.

GOST R 55475-2013

Designed for dewaxed arctic or winter diesel fuel, which is widely used for ground vehicles operating with high-speed engines. To produce this class of fuel, the middle distillate fraction obtained from processing gas condensate or petroleum products is used. The cetane number can be from 47 with an index of 43. The mass fraction of sulfur should not exceed 350 for category K3.

LLC "is a company that is ready to organize supplies of high quality diesel fuel in batches of 1000 liters or more throughout Moscow and the region at affordable prices. We cooperate directly with manufacturers, so we are ready to provide fuel delivery according to any schedule convenient for the client in the required volume using our transport department. Call us for more detailed information on any questions you may have.

Relationship between fuel density and diesel efficiency

There is no direct connection between the density of diesel fuel and the efficiency of a diesel engine. But in winter, the engine spends additional energy to warm up the cylinder block and the antifreeze poured into the cooling system. Part of the heat is taken away by the heater, which is responsible for heating the driver’s cabin and the lines through which fuel is supplied. The increased density of winter diesel fuel is determined by the temperature coefficient and different fractional composition (the components of the mixture differ in specific gravity and boiling point).

Characteristic

How many liters in a ton of gasoline

First, let's look at the notation: further A is air (oxygen), F is fuel. Diesel combustion is characterized by a low overall A/F ratio. The lowest average A/F value is often observed at peak torque conditions. To avoid excessive smoke production, the A/F at peak torque is typically kept above 25:1, well above the stoichiometric (chemically correct) equivalence ratio of about 14.4:1. This also applies to all diesel fuel combustion activators.

In turbocharged diesel engines, the idle A/F ratio can exceed 160:1. Consequently, the excess air present in the cylinder after fuel combustion continues to mix with the burning and exhaust gases. When the exhaust valve opens, excess air along with combustion products is depleted, which explains the oxidative nature of diesel exhaust.

When does diesel fuel burn? This process occurs after the evaporated fuel mixes with air, forming a locally rich mixture. Also at this stage, the proper combustion temperature of diesel fuel is achieved. However, the overall A/F ratio is small. In other words, we can say that most of the air admitted into the cylinder of a diesel engine is compressed and heated, but never participates in the combustion process. Oxygen in excess air helps oxidize hydrocarbon gases and carbon monoxide, reducing them to extremely low concentrations in the exhaust gases. This process is much more important than the combustion temperature of diesel fuel.

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Calculation of specific gravity for 20 ◦c

The theoretical calculation of specific gravity consists of the following steps:

1. The purpose of the calculation is to determine the specific gravity at a reference temperature of 20°C. At the initial stage, it is necessary to measure the density with a hydrometer and the temperature of the liquid with a thermometer in the container in which the fuel is stored.
2. Determine the temperature difference between the measured parameter and 20°C.
3. Calculate weight adjustment taking into account delta and correction factor.
4. Add or subtract (depending on the deviation from 20°C) the correction value from the parameter read from the hydrometer. The resulting weight allows you to roughly determine the type of fuel (winter, summer or arctic). The type of fuel determines the ability of diesel fuel to be used in different temperature zones without the risk of excessive increase in viscosity or crystallization in fuel pipes.

When do they start selling winter diesel fuel?

Climatic zones in Russia vary sharply in their temperatures.
Therefore, most gas stations begin selling winter diesel fuel from the end of October - beginning of November, and finish in April. Otherwise, the diesel fuel will increase its viscosity, become cloudy and, ultimately, form a gelatinous gel characterized by a complete lack of fluidity. Starting the engine in such conditions is impossible. However, there are differences in the timing of the sale. For example, in some regions of the country the temperature does not drop too sharply, and there are a few days that will be cold, with a generally mild winter (for example, the Kaliningrad or Leningrad regions). In such a situation, the so-called “winter mixture” is used, which consists of 20% summer diesel fuel and 80% winter diesel fuel. During an abnormally mild winter, the percentage of winter and summer diesel fuel can even be 50/50.

Diesel fuel: density, consumption, operation

The density of diesel fuel, which makes it possible to determine the climatic purpose of the fuel, affects the starting characteristics and operation of the engine. If you select the wrong diesel fuel or use low-quality fuel, the starting of the engine deteriorates, which does not develop the rated power and torque. When driving in difficult road conditions, insufficient engine power leads to the inability to carry the required load or to increased consumption of diesel fuel and excessive wear of the power unit.

What does density say about the quality of diesel fuel?

The specific gravity of diesel fuel determines the ratio of the fractions that make up the fuel. With an increased parameter, the mixture contains an increased volume of heavy hydrocarbons, which reduce the possibility of diesel fuel being sprayed by injectors into the combustion chamber. Due to the presence of heavy fractions with a high boiling point, the mixing of fuel particles and air deteriorates. To ignite the vapors, an elevated temperature is required, which leads to interruptions in the operation of the power unit and increased consumption of diesel fuel.

State standard

The standards for diesel fuel in force in the Russian Federation were partially adopted back in the days of the USSR (GOST 305-82). According to regulations, the density of fuel used in summer is 0.86 kg/l. When operating vehicles with diesel engines in winter, it is necessary to use diesel fuel with a density reduced to 0.84 kg/l. The fuel is used to power naturally aspirated engines or those with turbochargers. For the Arctic regions in winter, fuel with a specific gravity of 0.83 kg/l is supplied.

Diesel fuel specific gravity standards

Specific gravity standards are prescribed in GOST R 52368-2005 and 305-82 standards. Regulations stipulate the amount of impurities in the fuel composition (for example, sulfur), which negatively affect the composition of exhaust gases and the durability of fuel injection equipment. The standards prevent the introduction of aqueous solutions into the fuel, which corrode spray tips and damage filters and high-pressure pumps. Water with foreign impurities is separated using special settling tanks (filtration occurs due to the difference in the densities of the liquids).

Why does diesel fuel consumption increase in winter?

An increase in fuel consumption at low temperatures occurs due to the heating of the power unit and increased friction in a cold engine. When driving, fuel consumption corresponds to summer values ​​or differs to a lesser extent, since increased torque at low speeds reduces slipping of the drive wheels on snowy surfaces. Additional load is exerted by thickened oil in axle housings and planetary gearboxes; due to the increased resistance, fuel consumption increases slightly.

At low temperatures, air has an increased specific gravity, which leads to a violation of the composition of the working mixture. Motors with an electronic unit automatically adjust the fuel dose and injection phase, eliminating the negative effect of cold air. Engines with a mechanical high-pressure pump are not able to adjust to air temperature, which also affects fuel consumption. Cold air increases the drag coefficient, which slightly increases the cost of diesel fuel per 100 km of travel.

Why does diesel fuel freeze?

The composition of diesel fuel includes various fractions that thicken under the influence of low temperatures. The dependence of viscosity on the external temperature background is determined by density, which depends on the volumetric amount of fractions with an elevated boiling point. If water is present in the fuel, it sinks to the lower part of the tank, where it crystallizes when cooled below 0°C. Ice clogs the intake pipe, preventing diesel fuel from being supplied to the power unit. To restore engine performance, it is necessary to warm up the tank and fuel supply lines.

How to make sure you fill up your winter diesel fuel

When the winter season begins, special fuel for diesel engines appears at fuel pumps; information about the type of fuel is indicated on the pumps and in the gas station premises. The basic technique is based on pouring 50-100 ml of fuel into a transparent container, which is placed in the freezer compartment of the refrigerator. At a temperature of -20...-22°C, the liquid should not become cloudy (turbidity indicates the formation of a suspension of solid paraffin). For arctic varieties of diesel fuel, the turbidity threshold is at -34°C (not reached in the refrigerator).

How to check the density yourself

To check the correctness of fuel density, the following methods are used:

1. Based on the fluidity of liquid applied at -10°C and below to a metal plate. High-quality fuel remains liquid, and the formation of cloudy streaks is not observed in the composition. If the fuel thickens or becomes cloudy, it is prohibited to operate the vehicle in winter. The engine will start, but when driving, the process of crystallization of diesel fuel will begin, which will lead to immobilization of the car.
2. To accurately determine the density, an oil hydrometer is used (for example, model ANT-2, designed for densities from 830 to 910 kg/m³). A portion of fuel is poured into the container, then the tank is heated to a temperature of 20°C (controlled by a thermometer). The device is lowered into the liquid, the resulting value is checked against the standard specific gravity corresponding to the type of diesel fuel.
3. At temperatures below -20°C, a quick way to determine the quality of diesel fuel is the drops that remain on the nozzle of the refueling nozzle. If the liquid has a thick consistency or the solution is cloudy, then pouring fuel into the tank of the car is not recommended. If refueling has already been done, then you should dilute the fuel with high-quality diesel fuel, this will reduce the temperature at which crystallization begins.

DT density change step

The concept of diesel fuel weight measurement step means a correction factor equal to 0.0007 units. For example, at a temperature of -30°C, the density of the Arctic type of fuel will increase by 50*0.0007 = 0.035 g/cm³. With a standard value of 0.83 g/cm³, the parameter will increase to 0.865 g/cm³.

Everything has its time

What happens to summer diesel fuel at low temperatures? Just as water solidifies at freezing temperatures, summer-quality diesel fuel also crystallizes. Result: the fuel increases its viscosity and clogs the fuel filters. Thus, the engine can no longer receive high-quality diesel fuel in the required volume. The warning signal about impending troubles will come when stable frosts set in.

In the case of winter diesel fuel, the flow point is lowered, so that diesel fuel does not crystallize. Winter fuel for diesel cars exists in several classes, and additional differentiation is often made between traditionally “winter” and “polar”, arctic class fuel. In the latter case, the performance of diesel fuel is maintained even at very low temperatures.

Replacing diesel fuel grades is usually done by the gas station operators themselves. Before refueling, make sure that there is no summer fuel in the tank.

Densities, specific gravities of gasoline, diesel fuel and other petroleum products | Deif

The comparative densities of some petroleum products are given in the table.

Type of fuel

The reduced density of motor gasoline is determined by the presence of light fractions, which begin to boil away at 50°C. In this case, the liquid remains fluid when cooled to -55°C, crystallization begins at -60°C. The density of motor fuel for spark-ignition engines is specified by the GOST 32513-2013 standard; the parameter is measured at an ambient temperature of 15°C. Density is measured using a theoretical calculation method or using a hydrometer, which is immersed in a container of fuel.

The hydrometers used are manufactured in accordance with the GOST 18481-81 standard; the design is designed for operation in winter and summer. Manufacturers produce instruments designed for testing gasoline or heavy fuels (including fuel oil). The equipment has an error, for example, the ANT-1 device determines parameters with an accuracy of 500 g/m³. The hydrometer is lowered into the tank, the parameter is determined by the depth of immersion of the product in the liquid. The readings are read at the bottom mark of the graduated scale.

Formulas for calculating density, weight and volume of diesel fuel

To calculate the density, mass and volumetric amount of diesel fuel, an online calculator or calculation formulas are used. To calculate the parameters, it is necessary to take into account the ambient temperature and specify the type of fuel poured into the tank. When calculating, the correction factor and the difference in temperature (between measured and reference) are taken into account. The result obtained is approximate, since the measuring equipment has an error. Accurate data can only be determined through laboratory analysis.

Formula for determining the weight of diesel engines

To determine the weight, an equation of the form m=p*V is used, where:

• m—calculated mass (in kg or t);
• p—density reduced to temperature;
• V is the volume of the tank in which fuel is stored.

To determine capacity, you need to measure the dimensions of the container and then calculate the volume using formulas. At oil depots, tanks are used that have marks on them indicating that the tank is completely filled. On the outside of the tank there is a factory marking plate on which the volume and measurement error are indicated.

Formula for determining the volume of diesel fuel

To determine the volume, an equation of the form V=m/p is used, where:

• m - declared mass of cargo (in kg or t);
• p—density reduced to temperature;
• V is the volume of the tank in which fuel is stored.

The weight is indicated in the accompanying documents for the cargo. The attached documentation must contain a section indicating the type of fuel delivered. If the paragraph is missing, then the density is calculated using a hydrometer and correction factors (to determine the weight at a standard temperature of 20°C).

Formula for determining density of diesel fuel

To determine the density, an equation of the form p=m/V is used, where:

• m - declared mass of cargo (in kg or t);
• p—density reduced to temperature;
• V is the volume of the fuel tank.

The weight is determined from the accompanying documents or by weighing the tank truck or other container (you need to know the weight of the empty container or empty vehicle). To calculate the volume, a mark placed inside the container is used. The capacity can be checked by draining the liquid into a verified reservoir. Then the density is determined, which is reduced to reference values ​​by summing or subtracting a correction factor multiplied by the temperature difference.